PENGARUH URBAN DENSITY TERHADAP VARIABILITAS LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE MELALUI PEMANFAATAN CITRA SATELIT MULTITEMPORAL PADA GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Bengkong, Kota Batam)

Abstract

This study investigates how building density as well as Population Density influences Land Surface Temperature (LST) variability across Bengkong District between 2021 to 2025. The method employed is a quantitative approach with spatial analysis, leveraging multitemporal imagery using Land 8 OLI/TIRS Level 2 Collection 2. To analyze building density, the Normalized Difference Building Index (NDBI) in SR_B6 (SWIR1) and SR_B5 (NIR) bands, and the Land Surface Temperature band ST_B10 from Google Earth Engine. Meanwhile, Population Density data were obtained from WorldPop. The relationships among the variables were assessed employing multiple linear regression to examine the effects of NDBI and Population Density on Land Surface Temperature variability. The results indicate that LST values increase annually, particularly across densely inhabited areas Population Density and a predominance of built-up land. The correlation coefficients between variables indicate a fairly high strength, with R values ranging from 0.68 to 0.78, while the model’s explanatory power (R²) ranges from 46% to 60%. Partially, Population Density demonstrated a statistically significant effect on LST increases. Meanwhile, NDBI variable exhibits varying effects throughout the observation period. The findings suggest that ongoing urban expansion, together with human activities, is associated with increasing LST across the study site.